Complete breakdown of all 180 questions with sub-topic mapping, frequency & difficulty
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinematics | Velocity-time graphs (vertical throw) | 15 | Easy |
| Free fall & reaction time (s=½gt²) | 26 | Easy | |
| Laws of Motion | Static friction & max acceleration | 11 | Easy |
| Resultant force (mutually perpendicular) | 22 | Easy | |
| Work, Energy & Power | Power of crane (P=mgh/t) | 24 | Easy |
| Rotational Motion | Angular speed & revolutions (ω avg) | 4 | Easy |
| Moment of inertia of ring (parallel axis) | 35 | Hard | |
| Gravitation | Work done to raise mass (ΔU, g=GM/R²) | 13 | Medium |
| Mech. Prop. of Solids | Elastic moduli matching (Y, B, K, σ) | 2 | Medium |
| Mech. Prop. of Fluids | Pressure at depth (P=P₀+hρg) | 44 | Easy |
| Oscillations | Simple pendulum — KE variation with t | 5 | Medium |
| Pendulum — total energy & v_max | 16 | Easy | |
| Pendulum — effective length from T | 33 | Easy | |
| Waves | Travelling harmonic wave — phase difference | 21 | Medium |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Law | Internal energy change (ΔU=q−w) | 34 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrostatic Potential & Capacitance | Capacitor networks (series-parallel) | 12 | Medium |
| Energy loss in capacitor sharing | 23 | Medium | |
| Conductors in electrostatics (E=0 inside) | 41 | Easy | |
| Current Electricity | Diode circuits & equivalent resistance | 3 | Hard |
| Terminal voltage (V=E−Ir) | 6 | Easy | |
| Wheatstone bridge & current | 27 | Hard | |
| Power consumed (P=V²/R) with voltage drop | 28 | Medium | |
| Meter bridge — interchanging cell & galvanometer | 37 | Medium | |
| Moving Charges & Magnetism | B at centre of circular coil & magnetic moment | 29 | Medium |
| Galvanometer to ammeter (shunt) | 36 | Medium | |
| B-field variation in straight wire (B∝r, B∝1/r) | 39 | Medium | |
| Electromagnetic Induction | Motional EMF (e=Blv) | 30 | Medium |
| Alternating Current | Resonance frequency of LCR circuit | 19 | Medium |
| Peak current timing (t=1/4f) | 38 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ray Optics | Prism — minimum deviation (δ=i+e−A) | 8 | Medium |
| Concave lens — ray parallel to principal axis | 43 | Easy | |
| Wave Optics | YDSE — intensity with path difference λ/3 | 17 | Medium |
| Interference/diffraction & energy conservation | 20 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter | Photon energy, de Broglie, Compton matching | 9 | Easy |
| Photoelectric effect — threshold wavelength | 42 | Medium | |
| Atoms | Hydrogen — radial distance (E=kq²/2r) | 10 | Medium |
| Nuclei | Nuclear volume & mass defect statements | 31 | Easy |
| Nuclear density & mass number (R=R₀A^⅓) | 32 | Medium | |
| Semiconductor Electronics | Diode — voltage waveform across D | 18 | Medium |
| p-n junction — forward bias current | 40 | Easy | |
| Electromagnetic Waves | EM wave production matching | 45 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Speed-distance | New unit system (c=1, time conversion) | 1 | Easy |
| Significant Figures | Density calculation & rounding | 14 | Easy |
| Vernier Callipers | Least count (VSD-MSD method) | 25 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atomic Structure | Quantum numbers → orbital designation | 4 | Easy |
| Photon count from bulb power | 11 | Medium | |
| Thermodynamics | ΔG & spontaneity (ΔH=ΔU+ΔnRT) | 3 | Hard |
| First law — ΔU=q−w (sign convention) | 29 | Easy | |
| Equilibrium | Solubility product — pH from K_sp | 5 | Medium |
| Buffer pH (pOH=pKb+log[salt]/[base]) | 33 | Medium | |
| Kp vs Kc (Δn≠0 criterion) | 42 | Easy | |
| Chemical Kinetics | Order of reaction & rate constant units | 9 | Easy |
| Zero-order — [R] vs t straight line | 30 | Easy | |
| Arrhenius — Ea from ln k equation | 41 | Medium | |
| Electrochemistry | Faraday's law — mass deposited | 28 | Medium |
| Nernst equation — half-cell EMF | 34 | Hard | |
| Solutions | Molality & molarity calculations | 26 | Medium |
| Raoult's law — negative deviation (H-bonding) | 44 | Easy | |
| States of Matter | Gas stoichiometry (CO₂ + C → 2CO) | 39 | Medium |
| Some Basic Concepts | Mole concept — number of H atoms in urea | 16 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Periodic Properties | Metallic character trend (P| 19 | Easy | |
| Atomic size, IUPAC naming, diagonal relationship | 43 | Medium | |
| Chemical Bonding | σ & π bond counting (C₂H₄, C₂H₂, CH₄, NH₃) | 14 | Easy |
| VSEPR — ClF₃ T-shaped geometry | 31 | Medium | |
| Formal charge on O atoms in ozone | 37 | Medium | |
| p-Block Elements | Group 15 — dπ-pπ bonding, catenation | 17 | Medium |
| Group 16 — O oxidation states, Group 14 catenation | 36 | Medium | |
| d & f Block Elements | Lanthanoid — Ce⁴⁺ stability (4f⁰ config) | 21 | Easy |
| Coordination Chemistry | Isomerism types (geometrical, optical, linkage, solvate) | 8 | Medium |
| Ambidentate ligand (SCN⁻) | 18 | Easy | |
| Shapes — square planar, octahedral, tetrahedral, TBP | 23 | Medium | |
| Magnetic Moment | Spin-only formula (μ=√n(n+2) BM), Ti²⁺ | 35 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitriles → Amines | Reducing agents (LiAlH₄, H₂/Ni, Na/Hg) | 1 | Medium |
| Metamerism | Functional group isomerism in ethers | 7 | Medium |
| IUPAC Nomenclature | Naming branched alkanes | 10 | Easy |
| Carbonyl Compounds | 2,4-DNP test, Fehling's, oxidation to acid | 13 | Hard |
| Phthalein dye test — phenolic group | 24 | Easy | |
| Nucleophilic Substitution | AgCN vs KCN — isocyanide formation | 15 | Medium |
| Reaction Sequences | Cumene→phenol, ethanoic acid→ethanol, etc. | 20 | Medium |
| Propan-1-ol → PCl₅ → elimination → HBr/peroxide | 22 | Medium | |
| Separation Techniques | Fractional distillation (o/p-nitrotoluene) | 25 | Medium |
| Qualitative Analysis | Lassaigne's test (covalent→ionic), acetate test | 27,32 | Easy |
| Indicators | Phenolphthalein in acid-base titration | 38 | Easy |
| Diazonium Chemistry | Ethylamine → NaNO₂/HCl → ethanol | 40 | Medium |
| Hydrocarbons | Steam reforming (CH₄→CO+3H₂), Benzene chlorination | 12,45 | Easy |
| Biomolecules | DNA/RNA secondary structure | 6 | Easy |
| Transition Metal Catalysis | V₂O₅, Fe, PdCl₂, Ni complex roles | 2 | Medium |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plant Kingdom | Gymnosperms — naked ovules (Pinus) | 2 | Easy |
| Binomial Nomenclature | Rules — genus first, specific epithet second | 14 | Easy |
| Five Kingdom Classification | Whittaker's criteria (cell structure, body org., repro., phylogeny) | 42 | Easy |
| Animal Kingdom | Frog — sexual dimorphism (vocal sacs, copulatory pads) | 56 | Easy |
| Petromyzon (lamprey) — cartilaginous, parasitic, gill slits | 57 | Medium | |
| Osteichthyes — Flying fish, Angel fish, Fighting fish | 63 | Easy | |
| Phylum characteristics — Platyhelminthes, Echinodermata, etc. | 64 | Medium | |
| Animal Physiology — Respiration | Molluscs (branchial), Reptiles (pulmonary), Amphibians (pulm+cutaneous), Amoeba (cellular) | 69 | Medium |
| Flightless birds — Aptenodytes (penguin) | 89 | Easy | |
| Frog Anatomy | Hepatic portal, cranial nerves, cloaca, sinus venosus | 76 | Medium |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biomolecules | Protein structure — alpha-helix (secondary) | 8 | Easy |
| Lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, enzymes | 33 | Easy | |
| Amino Acids | Substituted methanes, valine (neutral), lysine (basic) | 36 | Easy |
| Enzyme Classification | Lyases — bond breaking forming C=C | 51 | Easy |
| Cell Organelles | Nucleolus — rRNA synthesis | 16 | Easy |
| Ribosomes — non-membrane bound in prok & euk | 65 | Easy | |
| Endomembrane System | Mitochondria NOT part, RER has ribosomes, circular DNA | 85 | Medium |
| Cell membrane — phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic tails, glycocalyx | 86 | Medium | |
| Bioactive Molecules | Trypsin, Morphine, Concanavalin A, Collagen | 43 | Medium |
| Cell Cycle | G1, S, G2, M phase activities | 11 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | Water splitting — PS II (not PS I), Kranz in C4 | 21 | Medium |
| RuBisCO — carboxylation in Calvin cycle | 26 | Easy | |
| ATP & NADPH requirement (18 ATP + 12 NADPH per glucose) | 27 | Medium | |
| Respiration | RQ calculation (CO₂/O₂ for fat ~0.7) | 17 | Medium |
| Glycolysis (cytoplasm), ETS (inner mito. membrane), Krebs (matrix) | 38 | Medium | |
| Respiration steps order — ventilation→diffusion→transport→tissue→cellular | 48 | Medium | |
| Plant Growth Regulators | 2,4-D (herbicide), GA3 (brewing), Kinetin (nutrient mobilisation), ABA (stomatal closure) | 25 | Medium |
| Heterophylly — phenotypic plasticity | 35 | Easy | |
| Elongation phase — large nuclei NOT characteristic | 24 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Endocrine System | Cortisol, Aldosterone, Cholecystokinin, Progesterone | 46 | Medium |
| Renin-Angiotensin | Sequence: GFR fall→renin→AngII→vasoconstriction→aldosterone→Na+ reabsorption | 47 | Medium |
| Neural Control | Neurotransmitter receptors on post-synaptic membrane | 52 | Easy |
| Respiratory Volumes | ERV, RV, IRV, TV matching | 54 | Medium |
| WBC Count | Eosinophils (2-3%) & Lymphocytes (20-25%) of 8000 | 60 | Medium |
| Rh Grouping | Erythroblastosis foetalis — Rh⁻ mother, Rh⁺ foetus | 67 | Medium |
| Muscle Contraction | Motor neuron→Ca²⁺ release→cross-bridge→sarcomere shortening | 71 | Medium |
| Skeletal System | Dicondylic skull, cartilaginous joints, 7 cervical vertebrae | 72 | Medium |
| JGA | Distal convoluted tubule + afferent arteriole | 74 | Easy |
| Muscular/Skeletal Disorders | Tetany, Arthritis, Myasthenia gravis, Muscular dystrophy | 87 | Medium |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inheritance Patterns | Incomplete dom., Co-dominance, Pleiotropy, Polygenic inheritance | 18 | Medium |
| Sex Determination | Honeybees — haplodiploidy (fertilised=female, unfertilised=male) | 34 | Medium |
| Blood Groups | ABO inheritance — probability of O blood group (25%) | 53 | Medium |
| Sickle Cell Anaemia | Glu→Val at 6th position of β-globin (GAG→GUG) | 45,70 | Easy |
| Sex Determination | Grasshopper XO — male=23(XO), female=24(XX) | 78 | Easy |
| Gamete Formation | Male honeybees — mitosis for gametes (haploid) | 79 | Easy |
| Evolution | Convergent evolution — forelimbs of whales & bats (homologous) | 55 | Easy |
| Evolutionary timeline — Dinosaurs (65mya), Jawless fish (350mya), etc. | 58 | Medium | |
| Human evolution — Ramapithecus→H.habilis→H.erectus→Neanderthal→H.sapiens | 88 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lac Operon | lacZ gene → β-galactosidase | 3 | Easy |
| Bioprospecting | Exploring biodiversity for economic products | 4 | Easy |
| GMO & Vectors | Bt cotton, Taq polymerase, Ti plasmid, pBR322 | 5 | Medium |
| PCR | Denaturation→Annealing→Extension | 10 | Easy |
| Transcription Unit | Promoter (5'), structural gene, terminator (3') | 13 | Medium |
| DNA Fingerprinting | Isolation→digestion→electrophoresis→transfer→hybridisation→autoradiography | 19 | Medium |
| DNA Packaging | Histone octamer, lysine/arginine rich, non-histone proteins | 20 | Medium |
| Somatic Hybridisation | Cell isolation→wall digestion→protoplast→fusion→regeneration | 22 | Medium |
| Restriction Endonucleases | Molecular scissors, palindromic sites, NOT exonuclease | 30 | Medium |
| DNA Visualisation | Electrophoresis, ethidium bromide, UV light | 44 | Easy |
| pBR322 | BamHI insertion → loss of tetracycline resistance | 50 | Easy |
| Transgenic Animals | α-1-antitrypsin for emphysema treatment | 62 | Easy |
| Bioactive Molecules (Biotech) | Streptokinase, Statins, Lipases, Cyclosporin A | 68 | Medium |
| Swiss Cheese | CO₂ by Propionibacterium sharmanii | 81 | Easy |
| Bt Toxin Genes | cryIAc (cotton bollworm), cryIAb (corn borer) | 82 | Medium |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Productivity | GPP, NPP, Secondary productivity definitions | 6 | Medium |
| Mass Extinctions | 6th extinction — 100-1000× faster than pre-human | 7 | Easy |
| Biodiversity Loss | Habitat loss, over-exploitation, alien species, co-extinctions | 12 | Medium |
| Decomposition | Decomposition, Detritus, Mineralisation, Humification | 15 | Medium |
| In Situ Conservation | Sacred Groves (natural habitat protection) | 29 | Easy |
| Evil Quartet | Habitat loss, over-exploitation, alien species, co-extinctions | 37 | Easy |
| Logistic Growth | dN/dt = rN((K−N)/K) | 66 | Easy |
| Sexual Deceit | Ophrys orchid & bumblebee | 75 | Easy |
| Ecological Pyramids | Inverted biomass pyramid in sea | 83 | Easy |
| Population Interactions | Mutualism, Parasitism, Amensalism, Commensalism | 90 | Medium |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plant Reproduction | Microsporogenesis — Sporogenous tissue→PMC→tetrads→pollen | 32 | Medium |
| Triploid cell — Primary endosperm cell (3n) | 39 | Easy | |
| Xenogamy — genetically different pollen | 40 | Easy | |
| Placentation — Marginal(Pea), Axile(Lemon), Parietal(Mustard), Basal(Marigold) | 41 | Easy | |
| Human Reproduction | Contraceptives — Progestasert, Multiload 375, Diaphragm, Saheli | 59 | Medium |
| Spermatogenesis — Secondary spermatocyte→meiosis II→spermatids→spermiogenesis | 73 | Medium | |
| Embryonic development — 8 weeks limbs, 12 weeks genitalia, 20 weeks movement | 77 | Medium | |
| Ovum layers — Corona radiata→Zona pellucida→Perivitelline space→Plasma membrane | 80 | Easy | |
| GIFT | Ovum transfer into fallopian tube (in vivo fertilization) | 84 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Root Anatomy | Root hairs — region of maturation (differentiation) | 1 | Easy |
| Bulliform Cells | Leaf rolling to minimise water loss during stress | 9 | Easy |
| Conjunctive Tissue | Between xylem & phloem; Casparian strips — suberin | 23 | Medium |
| Solanaceae | Floral formula — ⊕ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2) | 28 | Medium |
| Racemose Inflorescence | Acropetal succession, indefinite growth | 31 | Easy |
| Sub-Topic | Sub-Sub-Topic | Q# | Diff. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plasmodium Life Cycle | Mosquito→sporozoites→liver→RBCs→gametocytes | 49 | Medium |
| Drug Effects | Nicotine, Morphine, Heroin, Cocaine | 61 | Easy |